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法律英语修炼开始。在本版发现一个同胞:壮壮同学.与我志同道合...
加油加油...为未来而努力...开心要加油哦... A-za...A-za!
目标，进外所。
修炼项目：写英语合同，memo drafting, legal research.

详细计划：
1.法律英语基本词汇.书目<法律英语>教程.
2.法律条款翻译.
   ---(1)英译中
  ---(2)中译英
  练习对象<中华人民共和国合同法>中英版
3.参照壮壮同学的方法.<英文合同阅读指南>

[ 本帖最后由 天天开心 于 2008-11-12 22:35 编辑 ]

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第一贴
2008.11.14
Part 1  Basic vocabulary---about tort law
intentional tort 故意侵权行为
negligence tort /negligent tort 过失侵权行为
personal tort 人身侵权行为
property tort 财产侵权行为
strict liability tort 严格责任侵权行为
Law of torts 民事侵权法
Civil suit民事诉讼
Damages 损害赔偿
Automobile accident车祸
Contribute to捐献，造成
Entitled to 拥有。。。的权利，赋予。。。做（某事）
Rely on信赖，依赖
actual loss实际损失
play on 对。。。加以利用
permanent disability永久残废
limb肢
contingent fee 成功酬金
uncommonly 不可思议的
amount to共计
verdict 陪审团的裁定
in excess of 多于，超出
lengthy 漫长的
honoraria 谢礼
deter 阻止，制止
sue 为要求赔偿损失而起诉，控告
touchstone 试金石，检验标准
endeavor 试图，努力
law of contract 合同法
overlap 部分重叠
injured party 遭受损失方
unauthorized use 违令使用
conversion 非法占有
personal injury 人身伤害
breach of warranty 违反保证条款
implied contract 默示合同
with respect to 关于，至于，谈到
facts 程序
the recovery of intangible damages 无形损害的赔偿
be liable for 对。。。应负责
tortious 侵权行为的，侵权行为性质的
express provision 明文规定
statutory provision 法定条款
immunity 豁免
embryo 胚胎
heir 继承人
next of kin 近亲属
testator 留有遗嘱的人
wrongful death action 非正常死亡之诉
arise out of 产生于，起因于
intoxication 醉酒，陶醉
tortfeasor 侵权行为人

Part 2  Translation of the book <legal english >
1.The law of torts is still the source of most civil suits in the united states, with damages claims for automobile accidents taking first place.
在美国，民事侵权法仍然是大多数民事诉讼的依据，其中车祸损害赔偿请求占据第一位。
Many circumstances contribute to this:(a)The plaintiff in an american civil suit is ordinarily entitled to try his claim before a jury which will often--and understandably --rely more on human than on legal considerations ,for instance when a child has been injured in an automobile accident or through a defective product of a large enterprise;
许多情况可以印证这一点：(a)在美国，民事诉讼原告通常被赋予由陪审团审理其诉讼请求的权利，而陪审团通常—可理解地—更多地依赖人性而不是法律考量，比如当一个孩子因车祸或大公司的伪劣产品而受到伤害。
(b)Compensation and damages include not onlythe actual loss but also the intangible damage.A plaintiff can therefore often play on the human reaction of the jury :for instance,what is appropriate compensation for a permanent disability such as the loss of a limb?
损害赔偿和补偿金不仅包括实际损失而且包括无形的损害。因此原告经常利用陪审团的人性反应。比如，对于永久性残废—例如失去肢体—来说，什么数额的赔偿金是适合的？
(c)American law permits the participation of the attorney in the plaintiff's recovery(contingent fee)which not uncommonly amounts to 25 to 33 percent of the verdict.As a result of all of  these factors,a tort action may be a lengthy proceeding ,result in large expenses, for instance through honoraria for experts(which may deter the "small"plaintiff from suing at all),and may end in the award of a very large verdict.It is no longer uncommon that a jury will award a verdict in excess of $100000.These conditions have been the touchstone for several reform endeavors which will be discussed in more detail below.
美国法律允许律师 参与分配原告所获得的赔偿金作为成功酬金，而成功酬金共计达到判决结果的百分之25到33并不罕见。由于这些因素，侵权行为之诉可能是一个漫长的过程,花费巨大的费用，比如给专家的谢礼（可能阻止比较小的原告参与诉讼），然后诉讼以一笔非常大赔偿判决结束。陪审团判给超过100000美元的赔偿已经并不罕见。这些条件已经成为一些改革试图的试金石，我们将在下面做更具体的讨论。
2.Tort law and  the law of contracts often overlap since an injured party frequently has the choice between a tort claim(for instance ,unauthorized use of property -conversion-or personal injury)and a suit in contract ,for instance,in implied contract,in the case of personal injuries,for breach of warranty.Since the law of torts permits the recovery of intangible damage(which is usually not the case with respect to contract claims),the plaintif will ordinarily choose the tort claim for personal injuries when the facts so permit.
侵权行为法与合同法经常有部分重叠，因此遭受损失房经常能够在侵权之诉（比如，无权使用或非法占有财产，或者人身伤害）和合同之诉中进行选择，比如，在默示合同中，在人身伤害案件中，在违反保证诺言情况中等等。因为侵权法允许对无形损害给予补偿(合同赔偿中通常不包括)，所以如果符合程序，原告在人身伤害案件中通常会选择启动侵权之诉。
3.Everyone is liable for his tortious act ,in limited form also children (howvevr,parents only then when they acted as the child's agent or did not comply with their  duty to supervise),but not the state unless express statutory provision has abolished state immunity.
每个人都应当为自己的侵权行为负责，在有限的情况下也包括未成年人（但是，在父母作孩子的代理人或者父母没有履行他们的监护职责时，由父母负责），但国家不对侵权行为负责除非法律明文规定废除了国家的豁免权。
4.Everyone is protected against tortious acts,including the embryo .The  heirs or next of kin may have a damage claim for the intentional or negligent death of  their relative or testator (wrongful death action).The statutes of some states provide protection ,and a tort claim,to third parties for injuries arising out of the intoxication of the tortfeasor ;under these so-called "dram-shop-acts",a party injured as a result of the intoxication of the tortfeasor has a claim against him who contributed to the tortfeasor's intoxication.
所有人都受侵权法的保护，包括胎儿在内。继承人或近亲属有权针对其亲属或立遗嘱人的故意或过失死亡提起损害赔偿（非正常死亡之诉）。一些州的法律规定，因侵权行为人醉酒而对第三人造成损害的，第三人有权获得法律保护并提出侵权赔偿请求。根据这些被叫做小酒店法令的规定，作为侵权行为人醉酒之结果而受到伤害的一方有权向那些造成侵权行为人醉酒的人提出索赔请求。
5.Finally it should be emphasized again that the law of torts is ,in the main,State law
最后，要再次强调的是，侵权法在美国主要属于州法律的范畴

[ 本帖最后由 天天开心 于 2008-11-14 15:31 编辑 ]